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NSF SECURE Center
Research Security Briefing

Vol. 2, No. 20
June 5, 2026

The NSF SECURE Center distributes research security briefings and timely alerts via its listserv. The Briefing provides a centralized resource for research security-related information, including new statutory and research funding agency requirements, new or updated federal and community resources, and significant news items and scholarly works. The Center will also assess and provide commentary, interpretation, or implementation considerations on new requirements, notices and resources, working with higher education associations, legal partners, or agencies as needed.

Briefing Contents

​Federal News & Updates

​Professional Association Resources & Reports

​Research Security News, Reports & Events

​NSF SECURE Center Opportunities, Updates & Resources

​Other News & Resources

 

Federal News & Updates

USDA Issues Revised Terms & Conditions

On June 3, 2026, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) issued updates to the Department’s General Terms and Conditions for Federal Awards.  These updates follow the December 31, 2025, initial implementation of the Department’s standardized grant and cooperative agreement terms and conditions (T&Cs).

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Revisions include updates to the definitions of:

  • Covered individual

  • Foreign interest

  • Foreign individual

  • Foreign ownership, control, or influence (FOCI)

 

Additional revisions include updates to terms and conditions pertaining to:

  • 10.6 Research Security Training

  • 10.7 Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence (FOCI) by a Country of Concern

  • 10.8 Disclosure

  • 10.9 Malign Foreign Talent Recruitment Program

 

Additional information regarding these revisions will be included in next week’s Research Security Briefing.

OMB Proposes Revised Uniform Guidance

On May 29, 2026, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) published proposed revisions to Title 2 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), including policies in 2 CFR part 200, commonly known as the Uniform Guidance.  Research security-related items in the proposed revision include:

  • § 200.206 Federal agency review of risk posed by applicants

OMB proposes adding a new provision (§ 200.206 (b)(2)(ix)) stating that, when conducting risk assessments of applicants for Federal funding, agencies should consider “As applicable, the applicant's compliance with foreign gift and contract disclosure requirements under section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965.”

  • § 200.220 Prohibition of using Federal funds for covered foreign collaborations.

In a new subsection (§ 200.220), OMB proposes a new provision that would prohibit recipients of federal financial assistance from using award funds to support certain collaborations with foreign adversaries. Specifically:

It prohibits recipients and subrecipients from “using Federal funds to support bilateral or multilateral [emphasis added] collaborations, agreements, programs, or activities with covered foreign countries or covered foreign entities, unless expressly authorized by Federal statute or approved by the Federal agency….”

Since 2011, the Wolf Amendment has prohibited NASA funds from being used to support bilateral collaboration with China and Chinese-owned companies, with limited exceptions.  The proposed rule would broaden that approach, embedding it as a government-wide grant management requirement applicable to all federal grant programs, and applying it to both bilateral and multilateral collaborations with “covered foreign countries,” which are defined as:

“…any country designated by statute, Executive order, or other Federal law as:

(i) A foreign adversary;

(ii) A country of particular concern; or

(iii) A country subject to sanctions or restrictions relating to national security, defense, or intelligence activities.”

NIH Reminds Community of Definition of Foreign Component

NIH published Notice NOT-OD-26-084 on May 27, 2026, indicating that “most instances of co-authorship represent a foreign component” requiring agency prior approval and/or reporting of foreign co-authorship to the funding Institute or Center as soon as recipients are aware of it. The notice suggests NIH hasn’t expanded the definition of foreign components but notes the agency has increased its oversight of foreign collaborations. NIH’s definition and examples of foreign components can be found here.

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Recipient institutions are reporting that NIH has been proactively reaching out to inquire about publications involving NIH grant citations and foreign co-authors.  The notice reminds recipients of the Stevens amendment, as detailed in NIH GPS 4.2.1, which “requires acknowledgement of federal funding when issuing statements, press releases, requests for proposals, bid invitations, and other documents describing projects or programs funded in whole or in part with Federal money.” Although not always enforced, this is a long-standing requirement. The notice emphasizes that “recipients are required to state (1) the percentage and dollar amounts of the total program or project costs financed with Federal money and (2) for NIH programs requiring cost sharing, the dollar amount of the total costs financed by non-governmental sources.”

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The notice also cautions recipients not to attribute publications to grants that did not actually support the work described. In addition, “if the NIH grant only supported a specific part of the published work, this should be made clear in the grant citation in the publication and in the Research Performance Progress Report.” Per the notice, some Notices of Funding Opportunity do not allow foreign components.  Where not permitted, “publications and other research projects generally should not include foreign co-authors or collaborators.”

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On June 1, 2026, NIH published additional information as an extramural news item, Acknowledging Foreign Components throughout NIH Application and Award Processes, intended to share “reminders about how to properly acknowledge foreign components in NIH grant applications, progress reports, and manuscripts resulting from NIH awards.”  It includes examples of what may and may not be considered foreign components. It also notes that “inaccurate acknowledgments, affiliations, or citations may create confusion regarding whether NIH-supported activities involved undisclosed foreign components” and reminds the community that “the central issue is not whether foreign collaboration occurs, but whether NIH is informed appropriately and approvals are obtained when required.”

Call for Proposals: 2026 NSF Cybersecurity Summit: October 27-29, 2026

The call for proposals for the 2026 NSF Cybersecurity Summit, run by Trusted CI, is now open. The Summit will take place the week of October 26 at The Beckman Center in Irvine, California.

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The NSF cyberinfrastructure ecosystem presents an aggregate of complex cybersecurity needs (e.g., scientific data and instruments, unique computational and storage resources, use of AI and automation, and complex collaborations). Going forward, research security will also bring new challenges to U.S. academic research institutions. This NSF Cybersecurity Summit community has a unique opportunity to develop information security practices tailored to these needs, as well as break new ground on efficient, effective ways to protect information assets while supporting science. The Summit brings together leaders in research cyberinfrastructure (CI), cybersecurity, and higher-ed researchers to build a trusting, collaborative community that addresses the community’s core cybersecurity challenges. 

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There are many ways to participate and contribute to the Summit community. Proposal opportunities include:

• Plenary Presentations (Due June 30)

• Workshops / Training Sessions (Due June 30)

• Birds of a Feather (BoFs) or Project Meetings (Due June 30)

• Posters (Due October 5)

• TLP or RED Talks (Due October 5) 

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These categories are meant as guidance; other creative or collaborative session ideas relevant to the Summit themes are also welcome. 

 

First-time presenters are encouraged to submit proposals. The Summit organizers especially welcome submissions related to cybersecurity, research security, operational challenges, institutional implementation experiences, and community-driven collaboration across the NSF research ecosystem.

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More information about the call for proposals can be found at: https://www.trustedci.org/2026-cfp .

Professional Association Resources & Reports

FDP May 2026 Meeting Research Security Summary

The Federal Demonstration Partnership (FDP) held its in-person meeting from May 27-29, 2026, in Washington, D.C. Following is a summary of some of the research security-related topics included at the event. Additional summaries will be published next week.

FDP: Federal Agency Updates

Department of War (DOW)

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Presenter: Erik Peterson, R&D Branch Chief, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)

 

Peterson noted that the AFOSR broad agency announcement is currently unavailable through grants.gov.  It will be online again soon, updated to reflect DOW’s March 9, 2026 updates to the Department’s “Component Decision Matrix to Inform Fundamental Research Proposal Mitigation Decisions.”

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National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Presenter: Priyanga Tuovinen, Senior Grants Policy Analyst, OER, NIH

 

Tuovinen noted that NIH is continuing to work with NSF, DOE, DOW, and other agencies to harmonize the rollout of Research Security Program requirements. 

 

Regarding NIH’s research security training (RST) requirement, Tuovinen reminded the audience that NIH defines covered individuals as principal investigators (PIs) and senior/key personnel, and that individual RST certifications are completed when covered individuals complete their biosketches, while authorized organizational representatives (AORs) certify on the face page of proposals.

 

In addition, Tuovinen reminded the community that:

  • The leniency period for implementation of Common Forms via SciENcv ended May 7, 2026.Submitting an NIH biosketch without the Common Form generated via SciENcv will result in a blocking submission error. The eRA Commons system will reject the application entirely, preventing it from being successfully submitted to the NIH.

  • Researchers are now able to enter zero (0) person months of effort in the Current and Pending (Other) Support (CAPOS) Common Form.

  • RST Certification language has been re-added to the Common Forms

  • PDFs submitted at RPPR, JIT, and for Prior Approvals now occur at the person-level, so combining PDFs into one document then flattening is no longer required.

 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

 

Presenter: Mary Frances Sladek, Senior Program Director on the DAAR Team

  • NASA will soon require all covered individuals to use SciENcv to prepare CAPOS and biosketch documents.

  • Beginning in summer 2026, NASA will implement a 60-day optional adoption period during which proposers may choose to use SciENcv.

  • Following the transition period, SciENcv-generated CAPOS and biosketches will become mandatory.

  • NASA will issue a Grant Notice with additional details, including the office go-live dates for the optional and mandatory adoption of SciENcv.

  • Per GIC 26-02, effective August 5, 2026:

    • Covered individuals named on a NASA proposal are required to certify that they have completed RST prior to submission

    • Proposing entities must certify via NSPIRES

  • Community members with questions related to research security or the Wolf Amendment can email hq-researchsecurity@mail.nasa.gov.

 

U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA)

 

Presenters: Chelsea Cole, Federal Financial Assistance Department Policy Lead, Kimberly Whittet, Senior Policy Advisor, NIFA

 

Chelsea Cole provided a verbal preview of the revisions to USDA’s General Terms and Conditions for Federal Awards, described above.

FDP: Research Security at Emerging Research Institutions (ERIs)

Moderator: Susan Anderson, Assistant Vice President for Research, College of Charleston & Co-Chair, FDP ERIs Committee 

 

This session featured a brief presentation of the research security timeline, definitions, and specific challenges faced by ERIs. There was also a deep dive into the various resources at the NSF SECURE Center, including the Research Security training, travel items, risk matrixes and how the Shared Virtual Environment (SVE) can assist ERIs to remain connected on items related to research security. ERI representatives discussed successes and challenges: partnering with human resources to track research security training (RST) and risk mitigation at the time of hire, accessing general counsel or university attorneys for input, and institutional risk tolerance. Suggestions raised by the group included an ERI sub-forum within the Community Forum of the SVE, an FDP Expanded Clearing House with RST compliance as well as a possible API from the NSF SECURE Center, and additional case examples of travel with risk mitigation.

FDP: Research Security & Subawards Working Group

Presenters:

Jennifer J. Ford, University of California San Diego

Taren Ellis Langford, University of Arizona

Stuart Politi, University of Pennsylvania

Jennifer Rodis, University of Wisconsin, Madison

 

The Research Security & Subawards Working Group presented the results of a recent survey requesting input from community members regarding potential updates to institutional data included in the FDP Clearinghouse.  The majority of respondents to the survey indicated they would like to see data in the Clearinghouse related to institutions’:

 

  • Status as a “Covered Institution,” as defined under NSPM-33. Additionally,

  • Adoption of a local policy prohibiting involvement in malign foreign talent recruitment programs, as defined by the CHIPS and Science Act

  • Adoption of a local policy requiring completion of Other Support training

  • Research security point of contact

 

Participants at the session also provided additional feedback on both these questions and concepts under consideration by the working group for a cross-agency research security requirement matrix.

Research Security News, Reports & Events

Please note, articles linked below may require a subscription to view.

NSF SECURE Center cannot distribute copies of subscription-based articles.

Upcoming RRCoP Webinar: Introduction to NSF SECURE Center & NSF SECURE Analytics

The Regulated Research Community of Practice (RRCoP) monthly webinar being held on June 10, 2026 (2-3 PM Eastern / 11am -12pm Pacific), will feature an introduction to the NSF SECURE Center and NSF SECURE Analytics.  Dr. Lisa Nichols, SECURE Center Deputy Director and Dr. Kevin Gamache, Director, SECURE Analytics, will provide an overview of these initiatives, highlighting their role in advancing research security, risk awareness, and data-informed decision-making across the research ecosystem. Attendees will gain insight into available tools, resources, and collaborative opportunities designed to support institutions in identifying and mitigating security risks while maintaining an open and innovative research environment.

 

The recurring RRCoP webinar series is scheduled for the second Wednesday of each month at 2 PM ET / 11 AM PT.  Recordings and presentations from past webinars are also available.

Registration Open for Free Research Security Workshop in the Southeast

Registration is now open for the 5th Annual BSRA/SRNL/DOE-OCI Research Security Workshop, August 12- 13, 2026, at the Clyde V. Madren Conference Center at Clemson University.  There is no charge to attend!

 

Experts from across the U.S. government and academia will provide presentations and discussions to help guide your organization through the ever-changing research security policy landscape, including practical solutions you can implement in your research security program.

 

Regardless of your level of experience, the workshop will help enhance your skills and confidence in managing academic research security through presentations from funding agency, academia, and industry representatives. During a hands-on, interactive breakout, experienced academic practitioners will cover several topics to enhance your program including international travel protocols, due diligence reviews, data gathering and analysis, conducting risk assessments, conducting classified government research, export control, cybersecurity, and working with federal partners.

 

A new feature for this year is an opportunity to ask questions one-on-one at the advice table. Bring your challenges and let one of our experienced professionals help you move forward.

*If you have more than 24 months of experience in your field, please consider serving as one of the experts at the advice table. 

 

Capacity is limited, so register quickly to reserve your spot! The deadline for registration is August 3, 2026. 

 

REGISTER AT THIS LINK 

 

Event organizers will send a finalized schedule and conference package to attendees during the first week of August.  

 

Looking forward to seeing you at Clemson University this summer!

​The first European conference on research security also addresses the US
(TU Delft Delta, 6/1/2026)

The inaugural European Network Conference on Research Security (ENCORS), organized by universities, drew 480 participants to TU Delft in the Netherlands, May 26–27, 2026. Unlike a prior Brussels conference that focused largely on regulation, ENCORS emphasized day-to-day practice, exploring what research security requirements mean for researchers in terms of their work, publications, and travel. Delegations from South Korea, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States joined European counterparts in breakout sessions featuring concrete case studies, including how one German research organization navigated the decrease in scientific cooperation with Russia following the invasion of Ukraine. Plenary speakers highlighted the growing difficulty of separating geopolitical interests from science, particularly regarding the United States, where increasing political influence over research and challenges to academic freedom were noted. Conference organizers noted a key distinction between U.S. and European approaches to research security: the U.S. relies on top-down government directives including lists of prohibited institutions, while Europe emphasizes university self-regulation and independent due diligence on foreign partners. TU Delft will host a second ENCORS in 2027, with another university to assume hosting duties in 2028. (more)

The Shadow Curriculum: How Research Security is Shaping the Next Generation
(Future Campus, 5/31/2026)

Writing in Future Campus, Dr. Ross McLennan, Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Research Services) at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, argues that research security is often framed as an institutional challenge of governance and policy, but it is researchers themselves, particularly higher degree research (HDR) students and early career researchers (ECRs), who feel its consequences most directly. McLennan posits that, in the absence of deliberate security literacy training, emerging researchers are instead learning a "shadow curriculum" of caution: internalizing risk aversion, narrowing their professional networks, and developing habits of self-censorship that follow them throughout their careers. Supervisors and research leaders, meanwhile, have quietly become de facto security decision-makers without the training or institutional support required to fill that role. McLennan contends that Australia's research system risks compounding these individual losses into a systemic deficit, particularly in fields dependent on global talent pipelines. The solution, he argues, is treating research security as a progressive developmental competency, built up intentionally throughout researchers’ careers. (more)

Lawmakers Propose Ban of U.S.-Chinese Research Collaborations with Proscribed Entities
(Science, 5/27/2026)

A newly introduced bill in Congress would prohibit federally funded U.S. scientists from engaging in virtually any form of research collaboration with Chinese counterparts. The measure, called the Securing Innovation and Research from Adversaries (SIRA) Act, would bar U.S. scientists from using federal funding to enter into, support, or carry out any research collaboration with Chinese scientists associated with entities on U.S. government proscribed entity lists, with the definition of collaboration sweeping enough to encompass co-authorship, data sharing, material transfers, and joint supervision of students. Co-sponsor Representative John Moolenaar (R-MI), chair of the House Select Committee on the CCP, framed the bill in national security terms, while Senator Jim Banks (R-IN) introduced an identical measure in the Senate. Critics argue the legislation would seriously damage U.S. science; opponents say it would weaken U.S. science by cutting flows of ideas and talent. The fate of the bill remains uncertain given the current Congress's limited legislative record, but the research community remains concerned about its appearance. (more)

Proposed security vetting guidelines for international staff at Norwegian higher education institutions are drawing criticism from academics and media figures who warn the framework risks fostering a culture of suspicion on campuses.  The 86-page voluntary guidelines, jointly developed by the Norwegian Directorate for Higher Education and Skills and Sikresiden.no, a Norwegian safety, security, and emergency preparedness platform developed collaboratively by universities, colleges, and research organizations across Norway.  The guidelines include checklists for managers on recruiting and monitoring international personnel, and encourage employees to report concerns about colleagues whose behavior seems "not right" or "off."

 

Critics, including a law professor who characterized the document's language as "manipulative" and a university news editor who likened it to a "whistleblower society," argue the guidelines could chill international collaboration and disproportionately burden researchers from certain countries.  The Association of Doctoral Organizations in Norway raised concerns about both the substance of the guidelines and the consultation process, noting that the initial feedback deadline had nearly passed before many stakeholders became aware of it.  A revised deadline of September 15, 2026 has since been set. Directorate officials maintain that the guidelines are voluntary and that the consultation is intended to help strike the right balance between protecting sensitive knowledge and preserving Norway's tradition of open international research. (more)

Academics criticize guidelines for vetting foreign staff
(University World News, 5/28/2026)

USDA finishes IU investigation, Innes lab reopens
(Indiana Public Media, 5/19/2026)

The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded its inspection of the Indiana University Bloomington laboratory of biology professor Roger Innes, finding no major violations and allowing the lab to reopen. Inspectors identified a lapsed import permit, a missing curation permit, and unapproved houseplants as the only issues, resulting in the destruction of certain petri dishes, unidentified organisms, and the lab's decorative plants, but did not issue any fines or penalties. The case drew widespread attention due to Innes's public advocacy on behalf of Chinese researchers facing prosecution and deportation, including his former postdoc. (more)

RISC Bulletin

Texas A&M University’s Research and Innovation Security and Competitiveness (RISC) Institute disseminates weekly RISC Media Bulletins, covering topics related to research security, foreign influence, and the intersection of science, technology, and national security.  To join the distribution list for the RISC Bulletin or view previous editions, click here.

NSF SECURE Opportunities, Updates & Resources

NSF SECURE Center Country Awareness Resource Now Available

The Country Awareness map is now live in the Travel Center on the NSF Secure Center Shared Virtual Environment. The interactive map provides a comprehensive overview of key travel security considerations to help travelers and research administrators assess, prepare, and make informed decisions regarding international travel, based on aggregated public data.  Select a country and see pertinent and timely information. Advisory and country information (entry requirements, health and safety) information is updated in live time.  Other information is static but will be updated as needed.

SPARK + FBI Webinar: China - Technology Transfer Threat Through Recruitment and Talent Plans

​SECURE Programming: Advancing Research Knowledge (SPARK) webinars are free, interactive, virtual webinars designed to help the research security community better understand and implement requirements, resources, and best practices.

 

The NSF SECURE Center will host a free virtual webinar on June 16, 2026, at 11:00am PT (12:00pm MT, 1:00pm CT, 2:00pm ET). Join us as James Noble, FBI Unit Chief of the Counterintelligence & Espionage Division, discusses how China’s centralized, state-directed strategy targets technology and research assets across sectors, and how strengthening awareness and partnerships across academia, industry, and government can help disrupt these threats. The presentation will include moderated discussion and audience Q&A by the SECURE Center's Amy Brenneke. NOTE: This webinar will not be recorded and slides will not be made available, so please plan to attend if you would like to view the content.  Registration is open via this link.

Trending Topics in the SVE Discussion Forum

Research security professionals across the country share questions, challenges, and practices in the NSF SECURE Center SVE’s discussion forum.  Each week we will highlight a few conversations worth knowing about.

 

This week, users have been discussing This week, users have been discussing developing a clean/loaner laptop program and operationalizing Wolf Amendment due diligence. Head over to the Community Forum to join in.

Invitation for input: NSF SECURE Center community survey (15-20 minutes)

The NSF SECURE Center invites the research security community to complete a short survey to better understand the community’s familiarity with NSF SECURE Center’s available tools and resources, and identify potential gaps or ongoing challenges. Input will help inform future efforts. 

Survey details:

Trending Topics in the SVE Discussion Forum

Research security professionals across the country share questions, challenges, and practices in the NSF SECURE Center SVE’s discussion forum.  Each week we will highlight a few conversations worth knowing about.

 

This week, users have been discussing a new SVE feature, the Country Awareness Map, and newly published guidance from the NIH regarding foreign co-authors. Head over to the Community Forum to join in.

NSF SECURE Center Calendar of Events

Each week the NSF SECURE Center hosts events through the National and Regional Centers, including co-creation workshops, educational, and engagement sessions with the research community. The events calendar provides more information about these opportunities and more.

Previous NSF SECURE Center Research Security Briefings

2026 issues of the Research Security Briefing are available on the NSF SECURE Center website.

A combined, searchable version of all 2025 issues of the Briefing is also available.

Other News & Resources

Invitation to Participate: NSF SECURE Analytics Research Security Operations Survey - ASCE '27 Registration Drawing

NSF SECURE Analytics is seeking input from U.S. research organizations of how they evaluate, procure, and price research security tools and services — including software platforms, data subscriptions, and managed or analyst-supported solutions.

 

The confidential survey (between 12-18 minutes to complete) does not include any questions regarding proprietary contract terms — ranges and directional estimates are entirely sufficient. Responses will be used only in aggregate to inform the development of tools and resources that benefit the broader research security community.

 

At the conclusion of the survey, there is an optional drawing for one of 2 in-person or 5 virtual registrations to the 2027 Academic Security and Counter Exploitation (ASCE) Conference, hosted by the Texas A&M Research & Innovation Security & Competitiveness (RISC) Institute. Winners will be notified by November 1. Take the survey at https://tx.ag/SAsurvey0626 

Opportunity to Participate in an NSF-funded Study on Research Security

Recruitment is underway for participants to share their experiences on research (cyber)security at U.S. institutions of higher education. This NSF-funded study is led by Carolyn Ellis (carolynellis@asu.edu), Lead of the Regulated Research Community of Practice (RRCoP) with Arizona State University, and Dr. Jennifer Linvill (jlinvill@purdue.edu), Assistant Professor at Purdue University.

 

The research team is hoping to learn more about the national picture of institutional research cybersecurity readiness by mapping federal policy expectations, synthesizing institutional practices, and identifying implementation patterns. The researchers will document how institutions interpret government policy (i.e., National Security Presidential Memorandum 33, or NSPM-33), coordinate governance and ownership, and structure training and assessment. Results will inform future recommendations that highlight readiness pathways and identify opportunities for coordination, support, or shared infrastructure.

 

If you are an IT cybersecurity or research security professional or a CISO interested in informing this study with a 60-minute audio-recorded interview via Microsoft Teams, please schedule an interview time here via Calendly. This is human subjects research and has been categorized as exempt research under the Purdue Internal Review Board protocol number IRB-2025-1361.

Opportunity to Participate in an NSF-funded Study on AI Research Security

Recruitment is underway for participants to share their experiences on research security as part of TRAILS (Typology of Research on Artificial Intelligence Lifecycle Security), a two-year NSF-funded study on AI research security.

 

If you are (1) an AI researcher or researcher who uses AI, (2) an IT, SOC, or cybersecurity professional, or (3) a compliance or export control professional, then you could receive a $100 Amazon gift card by completing a 60–90-minute audio-recorded interview via Zoom.

 

If you are interested in sharing your experience, please complete this short, four-questions survey to check your eligibility for participation.

 

If you have additional questions, feel free to reach out to Rockwell (“Rocky”) Clancy (rfclancy@vt.edu) on behalf of the TRAILS teams (Qin Zhu, John Talerico, and Lisa Lee).

Community Job Postings

​Please note, postings linked below are time-limited in nature.

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The information provided by the NSF SECURE Center is intended for general research and educational purposes only. While we strive to ensure the accuracy and reliability of our content, we do not guarantee its completeness, timeliness, or applicability to specific circumstances. Each user is responsible for conducting their own risk assessments and making decisions based on independent judgment.

 

Further, the NSF SECURE Center does not provide professional or legal advice, and users are encouraged to consult qualified professionals before making decisions based on the information found here. The NSF SECURE Center shall not be liable for any damages or costs of any type arising out of or in any way connected with your use of this information. External links are provided for convenience and do not constitute an endorsement of the content or services offered by any third-party resources.

 

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 2403771.  Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation or other U.S. Government Agencies.

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